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ADHD Medications – What Are the Side Effects? Many people suffering from ADHD are treated with medication. It can improve symptoms but it can also trigger side effects. If you have side effects, talk to your GP about them. The most commonly prescribed medication prescribed by healthcare professionals for ADHD is stimulants. These drugs increase the amount of brain chemicals, also known as neurotransmitters that regulate the attention span and behavior. Methylphenidate Methylphenidate is a first-choice stimulant used to treat ADHD in adults and children. It works by enhancing the activity in brain areas that regulate behavior and attention. Methylphenidate is also sometimes used to treat other conditions such as narcolepsy. It can help patients with Narcolepsy to stay awake throughout the day and increase their ability to concentrate and pay attention. This medication has a high risk of abuse and is classified as a Schedule II drug in the US Drug Enforcement Agency. The medication is taken exactly as prescribed to reduce the risk of abuse and the adverse effects. Methylphenidate can cause psychotic symptoms in certain people. It can also exacerbate the behavior and tics of certain people suffering from bipolar disorder or Tourette's syndrome. Before beginning this medication, patients with these conditions should consult their doctor. It is important to inform your doctor if you suffer from any other health problems or are sensitive to any food or dyes (such as tartrazine, a yellow dye that is found in processed foods as well as some medicines and Adhansia XR). Methylphenidate may interact with certain medications, such as opioid medicines such as antidepressants, antidepressants, and monoamine oxidase inhibitors such as isocarboxazid (Marplan), linezolid (Zyvox) and methylene blue, the phenelzine (Nardil), rasagiline (Azilect) selegiline (Eldepryl, Emsam, Zelapar), or tranylcypromine (Parnate). It is also essential to stay clear of alcohol and other stimulant drugs while taking methylphenidate. These drugs can have a harmful impact on your blood pressure and heart rate. The tablets with immediate release methylphenidate (Ritalin) and chewable tablets with long-acting properties and the long-acting oral disintegrating capsule (Quillichew ER and Cotempla XR-ODT) contain phenylalanine. It can be dangerous if you have a genetic disorder known as phenylketonuria (PKU). Bupropion Bupropion is an antidepressant medicine that works with the brain to improve mood and reduce symptoms of ADHD. It can also be used to treat depression and seasonal affective disorder (SAD), a type of depression that is common in the fall and winter months. It is also used to help people stop smoking by reducing nicotine cravings and withdrawal symptoms. Several studies of adults have shown that bupropion helps improve ADHD symptoms compared to placebo. The pooled fixed effect RR for week-6 improvements (using a clinically significant change of 30% or more on the CGI) is 1.14 (95%CI 0.95-1.37). For overall response, this equates to 52 percent of the bupropion-treated group and 37% of the placebo group. Bupropion may have serious and life-threatening interactions when taken together with other drugs. These include sedatives and antidepressants along with blood pressure medications. It may also increase the risk of having seizures in people with a history of seizure or high blood pressure. It is not recommended in certain medical conditions, and women who are pregnant or nursing should not take it. Bupropion can be found in the brand-name medication Wellbutrin SR, Wellbutrin XL, Zyban, Budeprion SR, Aplenzin, and Forfivo XL. It is also available as a generic drug. Tricyclic antidepressants Tricyclic antidepressants (abbreviated TCAs) are a group of medications that affect the brain's chemical. They were among the first antidepressants to be developed. Although they aren't used as a first line treatment for depression but they can be effective for certain people. They work by preventing the reuptake of dopamine serotonin and noradrenaline, increasing their levels in neurons. They also aid in reducing the symptoms of other conditions, including pain syndromes and enuresis such as fibromyalgia and Phantom the limb syndrome. TCAs can be prescribed alone or in combination with stimulants, and can have a beneficial impact on symptoms of ADHD. They can alleviate symptoms that are core to the disorder and may decrease anxiety, depression and impulsiveness. Additionally, they can help manage disorders like tics, which are repeated uncontrollable movements or sounds, such as throat clearing or blinking. TCAs can cause adverse effects, such as dry mouth and sedation, and can increase the risk of heart problems. These drugs may interact with other medications, such as anticholinergics, and should be avoided by pregnant women. They can also be teratogenic in animals and can cross the placenta. Talk to your doctor if you're concerned. There are newer antidepressants that have a lower risk of side effects. Selective serotonin inhibition of reuptake (SSRIs). SSRIs are a class of antidepressants that block serotonin reuptake by neurons and increase the amount of serotonin to signal. They also decrease anxiety and reduce impulsive behaviors. They are used to treat adhd as they can help some people with their symptoms and can work in conjunction with other medications. SSRIs include fluoxetine, sertraline-paroxetine and citalopram. They exhibit linear pharmacokinetics and have a low clearance from the human body. However, they are extensively metabolized by CYP450 enzymes in the liver. This causes varying blood levels. They are also prescribed to treat other conditions, such as major depression disorder, bulimia nervosa generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The SSRIs fluoxetine escitalopram and sertraline can help to reduce PTSD symptoms. They aren't effective in treating other PTSD symptoms. The SSRIs can cause an uncommon side effect that can cause sexual dysfunction. It is crucial to discuss this with your physician if you are thinking of taking one of these medicines. It is normal for people to to test several different kinds of ADHD medications before they find the one that is most effective for them. The development and research of new medication is ongoing. It is essential to inform your doctor about all medications you take. Selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) If stimulant medications don't work for adults suffering from ADHD doctors typically prescribe an antidepressant, also known as a selective norepinephrine-reuptake inhibitor (SNRI). These medications boost levels of norepinephrine, and serotonin, two brain chemicals. They also help improve mood and decrease anxiety and depression. SNRIs can cause similar side effects to TCAs however, they are more secure. They are used for many ailments, including anxiety disorders, long-term pain such as fibromyalgia, as well as nerve pain. They are also sometimes employed as an adjunct treatment for depression. Examples of SNRIs include duloxetine (Cymbalta) and venlafaxine (Effexor). These drugs work by preventing the reabsorption (reuptake) of norepinephrine which is a natural process that occurs in the brain after neurotransmission. This causes a greater than normal phasic release of norepinephrine. The increase in norepinephrine helps improve mood and concentration. SNRIs have not been approved by the FDA for treating ADHD However, certain doctors prescribe them as an alternative stimulant. They are most often taken orally in the form of pills, but they can also be used as liquids or patches. The FDA approved a SNRI for oral use, called viloxazine or Qelbree for treating ADHD in adolescents and children in April 2021. It doesn't have the potential to be abused and therefore is not classified as a controlled substance. Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) SNRIs are antidepressants which affect the levels of norepinephrine and serotonin in the brain. They are used to treat anxiety and depression disorders, but they can also aid in controlling symptoms of ADHD. A number of studies have proven that SNRI medications, such as duloxetine and venlafaxine, can dramatically reduce the score of various ADHD questionnaires. However, SNRIs can increase a person's blood pressure, and can interact with certain medications. Therefore, adhd and medication to consult a physician before taking these medications. Moreover, inappropriately discarded medication could cause harm to animals and people and animals, which is why it is crucial to follow proper disposal instructions. SSRIs and SNRIs are not approved by the FDA to treat ADHD, but doctors can prescribe them off-label. They are safe and effective, as well as having less negative effects than stimulants. Talk to your doctor and discuss your child's health concerns. SNRIs may increase the body's level of serotonin as well as norepinephrine however, they are not appropriate for all. For example pregnant women or breastfeeding should not take SNRIs as they could be absorbed into breast milk. Patients who suffer from high blood pressure or liver problems should not take them, either, as they could increase the risk of cardiovascular issues. Selective dopamine Reuptake Inhibitors (DARPIs). Many people who suffer from ADHD find that medication helps improve their attention and focus. They may also experience less impulsive behaviors. Medication is usually combined with behavioral therapy and training, which helps people learn to control their symptoms. It takes time to identify the right dosage and dosage for each person. In this period, doctors will monitor the physical reactions of patients to find a balance between side effects and benefits. Stimulant medications, such as methylphenidate, enhance the activity of specific brain chemicals that regulate memory and attention. They are generally safe and effective for the majority of people, but they can cause serious adverse effects, including decreased appetite and difficulty sleeping. These effects usually go away within some weeks as your body adjusts to the medication. Non-stimulant medications are also available for children and adults. They take longer to begin working, but they can improve concentration and impulse control. They include alpha-2-adrenergic antagonists (atomoxetine and viloxazine) and the guanfacine. Antidepressants can also help treat ADHD. They can increase norepinephrine which is a neurotransmitter found in the brain that assists with impulsive behaviors and depression. Bupropion is an example an antidepressant used to treat ADHD. It was prescribed “off-label” but drug makers created extended-release versions, and the FDA approved the use of it as treatment.